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PART Ⅰ SETTING THE SCENE FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE1

1 The Quality Game3

1.1 Elusive Software Quality4

1.1.1 Defining Quality4

1.1.2 Quality and Objective Effort7

1.1.3 Nature of Software8

1.1.4 Assuring Quality：A Distinct Activity10

1.2 Pressures on Quality11

1.2.1 Budget12

1.2.2 Tune12

1.2.3 Functionality13

1.2.4 Quality13

1.3 Quality Levels14

1.3.1 Data Quality15

1.3.2 Code Quality16

1.3.3 Model Quality16

1.3.4 Process Quality17

1.3.5 Management Quality17

1.3.6 Quality Environment18

1.4 Quality Software Process19

1.4.1 What Constitutes a Process?19

1.4.2 A Sample Cooking Process20

1.4.3 The Orthogonal Process Relationship21

1.4.4 Process in Software Context22

1.4.5 Software Process23

1.4.6 Quality Process24

1.4.7 Quality Assurance and Testing：Let's Not Confuse Them26

1.5 Modeling and Quality27

1.5.1 Purpose of Modeling27

1.5.2 Modeling Caveats28

1.5.3 Understanding Modeling Spaces in Software29

1.5.4 Problem Space31

1.5.5 Solution Space31

1.5.6 Background Space32

1.6 UML and Quality34

1.6.1 A Brief History of UML34

1.6.2 Quality of UML versus Quality by UML36

1.6.3 Metamodels and Quality37

1.6.4 Quality by UML38

1.6.5 Quality of Visualization39

1.6.6 Quality of Specification40

1.6.7 Quality of Construction41

1.6.8 Quality of Documentation42

1.6.9 Summary of UML Diagrams and Their Importance in Modeling Spaces42

1.7 Quality Assurance Techniques of Syntax,Semantics,and Aesthetics44

1.7.1 Quality Models—Syntax45

1.7.2 Quality Models—Semantics47

1.7.3 Quality Models—Aesthetics48

1.8 Quality Assurance of Software Process：Necessity,Sufficiency,and Malleability49

1.8.1 Quality of Process—Necessity50

1.8.2 Quality of Process—Sufficiency51

1.8.3 Quality of Process—Malleability51

1.9 Reuse,Patterns,and Quality52

1.9.1 Increasing Productivity through Reuse53

1.9.2 Reusing Expert Knowledge and Experience53

1.9.3 Applying Standards53

1.1 0 Quality and Usability54

1.1 0.1 Principles of Usability54

1.1 0.2 Navigability of Interfaces55

1.1 0.3 GUI Design and Quality56

1.1 1 UML-Based Projects—Types56

1.1 1.1 Development58

1.1 1.2 Integration(with Legacy)58

1.1 1.3 Package Implementation(ERP,CRMS)60

1.1 1.4 Outsourcing61

1.1 1.5 Data Warehousing/Conversion62

1.1 1.6 Educational62

1.1 2 UML-Based Projects—Size and Scalability63

1.1 2.1 Small Projects64

1.1 2.2 Medium Projects66

1.1 2.3 Large Projects67

1.1 3 Putting it All Together(Key Points)69

11.4 Bibliographic Notes70

11.5 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)71

11.6 Exerdses73

11.7 References74

PART Ⅱ ORGANIZING AND ENACTING THE PROCESS FOR QUALITY77

2 Quality Environment：Managing the Quality Function79

2.1 Quality Management80

2.1.1 Quality Environment80

2.1.2 Nontechnical Management80

2.1.3 Process and Quanlity82

2.2 Team Organization83

2.2.1 Organizing the Roles in the Problem Space84

2.2.2 Business Analyst85

2.2.3 User86

2.2.4 End User87

2.2.5 Domain Expert88

2.2.6 Prototyper in Problem Space89

2.2.7 Organizing the Roles in the Solution Space89

2.2.8 System Designer90

2.2.9 Data Modeler91

2.2.1 0 Interface Designer91

2.2.1 1 Programmer92

2.2.1 2 Tester93

2.2.1 3 Prototyper in Solution Space93

2.2.1 4 Organizing the Roles in the Background Space93

2.2.1 5 System Architect94

2.2.1 6 Prototyper in Background Space95

2.2.1 7 Database Manager95

2.2.1 8 Common Roles95

2.2.1 9 Project Manager95

2.2.2 0 Steering Committee96

2.2.2 1 Business Sponsor97

2.2.2 2 Organizing the Quality Team97

2.2.2 3 Quality Manager97

2.2.2 4 Quality Analyst98

2.2.2 5 Process Engineer99

2.2.2 6 User100

2.2.2 7 Tester100

2.3 The Quality Environment101

2.3.1 E-factor and Quality101

2.3.2 Soft Issues Specific to UML-Based Projects102

2.3.3 Communication in a Quality Environment104

2.3.4 Telecommuting105

2.4 Project Sociology106

2.4.1 Four Models for Project Teams106

2.4.2 The Best-Fit Approach to Creating a Homogeneous Team107

2.4.3 Flattening the Pyramid109

2.4.4 People in Reusability111

2.4.5 Parallel Development Teams112

2.5 Transactional Analysis in Software Projects113

2.5.1 A Brief History of TA114

2.5.2 The Parent,Adult,and Child Ego States114

2.5.3 The Life Positions116

2.5.4 Games117

2.5.5 Games in an OO Project118

2.5.6 Use It or Lose It119

2.5.7 Cowboy Programming119

2.5.8 Flour Mix120

2.5.9 Meetingitis121

2.5.1 0 Deadline121

2.6 Popular Quality Techniques122

2.6.1 Walkthroughs123

2.6.2 Inspections124

2.6.3 Reviews125

2.6.4 Audits127

2.6.5 Checklists128

2.6.6 Interviews129

2.6.7 Workshops131

2.7 Standards and Quality133

2.7.1 Areas of Application of Standards133

2.7.2 Project,Organizational,and Industrial Standards136

2.8 Process Maturity：The CMM Standards138

2.8.1 The Capability Maturity Model138

2.8.2 Personal Software Process Maturity141

2.8.3 Applying CMM in UML-Based Projects141

2.9 Process Checks142

2.9.1 Checking What Is Necessary142

2.9.2 Checking What Would be Sufficient143

2.9.3 Checking the Malleability of a Process143

2.1 0 The Planning Deliverables144

2.1 0.1 Project Organizational Plan144

2.1 0.2 The Quality Plan145

2.1 0.3 Test Plan145

2.1 1 Bibliographic Notes146

2.1 2 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)146

2.1 3 Exercises148

2.1 4 References148

3 The Quality Process Architecture151

3.1 The Process Backbone152

3.1.1 The Three Dimensions of a Process152

3.1.2 "What"of a Process153

3.1.3 "How"of a Process154

3.1.4 "Who"of a Process155

3.2 The Process Metamodel156

3.2.1 Describing the Process Metamodel156

3.2.2 Process Ingredients157

3.2.3 The Role Element in a Process157

3.2.4 The Activity Element in a Process159

3.2.5 The Task Element in a Process159

3.2.6 The Deliverable Elementina Process160

3.2.7 A Process-Component160

3.2.8 Iterations161

3.2.9 Putting Together a Process-Component：A Baking Process161

3.3 Quality Software Process162

3.3.1 The Software Process162

3.3.2 The Quality Process163

3.3.3 Rigorous Process163

3.3.4 Process Maturity163

3.3.5 Malleable Process164

3.3.6 Process Tuning164

3.4 The Software Process165

3.4.1 Business Evaluation Process-Component165

3.4.2 Rolesin Business Evaluation166

3.4.3 Activities and Tasks in Business Evaluation166

3.4.4 Deliverables in Business Evaluation167

3.4.5 Quality Comments on Business Evaluation167

3.4.6 Project Management Process-Component169

3.4.7 Rolesin Project Management170

3.4.8 Activities and Tasks in Project Management170

3.4.9 Deliverables in Project Management170

3.4.10 Quality Comments on Project Management170

3.4.11 Process Configuration Process-Component172

3.4.12 Roles in Process Configuration173

3.4.13 Activities and Tasks in Process Configuration174

3.4.14 Deliverables in Process Configuration175

3.4.15 Query Comments on Process Configuration175

3.4.16 Requirements Modeling Process-Component176

3.4.17 Rolesin Requirements Modeling177

3.4.18 Activities and Tasks in Requirements Modeling177

3.4.19 Deliverables in Requirements Modeling177

3.4.20 Quality Comments on Requirements Modeling179

3.4.21 Interface Modeling and Design Process-Component181

3.4.22 Roles in Interface Modeling182

3.4.23 Activities and Tasks in Interface Modeling182

3.4.24 Deliverables in Interface Modeling182

3.4.25 Quality Comments on Interface Modeling183

3.4.26 System Design Process-Component185

3.4.27 Roles in System Design186

3.4.28 Activities and Tasks in System Design186

3.4.29 Deliverables in System Design187

3.4.30 Quality Comments on System Design187

3.4.31 Persistence Design Process-Component188

3.4.32 Roles in Persistence Design190

3.4.33 Activities and Tasks in Persistence Design190

3.4.34 Deliverables in Persistence Design190

3.4.35 Quality Comments on Persistence Design191

3.4.36 Implementation Process-Component192

3.4.37 Roles in Implementation192

3.4.38 Activities and Tasks in Implementation193

3.4.39 Deliverables in Implementation194

3.4.40 Quality Comments on Implementation194

3.4.41 Prototyping Process-Component196

3.4.42 Roles in Prototyping198

3.4.43 Activities and Tasks in Prototyping198

3.4.44 Deliverables in Prototping198

3.4.45 Quality Comments on Prototyping198

3.4.46 Change Management Process-Component201

3.4.47 Rolesin Change Management202

3.4.48 Activities and Tasks in Change Management202

3.4.49 Deliverables in Change Management203

3.4.50 Quality Comments on Change Management203

3.4.51 Enterprise Architecture Process-Component204

3.4.52 Roles in Enterprise Architecture205

3.4.53 Activities and Tasks in Enterprise Architecture205

3.4.54 Deliverables in Enterprise Architecture206

3.4.55 Quality Comments on Enterprise Architecture206

3.4.56 System Architecture Process-Component207

3.4.57 Roles in System Architecture208

3.4.58 Activities and Tasks in System Architecture209

3.4.59 Deliverables in System Architecture209

3.4.60 Quality Comments on System Architecture210

3.4.61 Deployment Process-Component211

3.4.62 Roles in Deployment211

3.4.63 Activities and Tasks in Deployment212

3.4.64 Deliverables in Deployment212

3.4.65 Quality Comments on Deployment213

3.4.66 Training Process-Component214

3.4.67 Roles in Training215

3.4.68 Activities and Tasks in Training215

3.4.69 Deliverables in Training216

3.4.70 Quality Comments on Training216

3.4.71 Reuse Process-Component217

3.4.72 Roles in Reuse218

3.4.73 Activities and Tasks in Reuse218

3.4.74 Deliverables in Reuse219

3.4.75 Quality Comments on Reuse219

3.5 The Quality Process220

3.5.1 Quality Management Process-Component220

3.5.2 Rolesin Quality Management220

3.5.3 Activities and Tasks in Quality Management220

3.5.4 Deliverables in Quality Management220

3.5.5 Quality Comments on Quality Management222

3.5.6 Quality Assurance Process-Component223

3.5.7 Roles in Quality Assurance224

3.5.8 Activities and Tasks in Quality Assurance225

3.5.9 Deliverables in Quality Assurance225

3.510 Quality Comments on Quality Assurance226

3.5.11 Quality Control Process-Component227

3.5.12 Roles in Quality Control227

3.5.13 Activities and Tasks in Quality Control227

3.5.14 Deliverables in Quality Control227

3.5.15 Quality Comments on Quality Control229

3.6 Bibliographic Notes231

3.7 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)231

3.8 Exercises232

3.9 References233

4 Enacting the Quality Software Process235

4.1 Configuration of a Process237

4.1.1 The Waterfall-Based SDLC241

4.1.2 The Spiral-Based SDLC241

4.1.3 The Fountain-Based SDLC242

4.2 The Iterative,Incremental,and Parallel Development Process243

4.2.1 Need for Iterations and Increments243

4.2.2 Initial245

4.2.3 Major246

4.2.4 Final248

4.2.5 Parallel Developments within a Lifecycle248

4.2.6 Maintenance or Ongoing Iteration249

4.3 Adoption of the Software Process249

4.3.1 Ascertain Current Process State250

4.3.2 Crucial Pilot Project250

4.3.3 Point of Adoption251

4.3.4 Separating UML from the Process251

4.3.5 Keeping All CASE Tool Implementations Separate251

4.3.6 Training and Mentoring252

4.3.7 Access to the Process253

4.4 Enacting the Quality Process253

4.4.1 Creating Iterations and Increments in Lucky Insurance's Development253

4.4.2 An Iterative Project Task Plan255

4.4.3 Iterative Project Management Tools256

4.5 Tracking Quality throughout the Process257

4.5.1 Importance of Road Factors in Process Enactment257

4.5.2 Quality Activities at the End of the Initial Iteration260

4.5.3 Quality Activities at the End of the Major Iteration261

4.5.4 Quality Activities at the End of the Final Iteration262

4.6 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)263

4.7 Exercises264

4.8 References265

5 Estimates and Metrics for UML-Based Projects267

5.1 About Estimates and Measures in Software Projects268

5.1.1 Relating Estimates to Quality268

5.1.2 Measurements and Estimates268

5.1.3 Measuring the Technological Dimension269

5.1.4 Measuring the Methodological Dimension270

5.1.5 Measuring the Sociological Dimension270

5.2 Project Metrics and Estimates271

5.2.1 Project Size and Type271

5.2.2 Project Time,Budgets,and People272

5.2.3 Caveats in Project Estimates274

5.3 Measurement of Processes275

5.3.1 Why Measure Processes?276

5.3.2 Measuring Process-Components in Deployment276

5.3.3 Measuring Process-Components in Enactment277

5.3.4 Refining the Project Estimations at the End of Each Iteration279

5.4 Quality Metrics282

5.5 Measuring Size of Software283

5.5.1 Traditional Measures of Software284

5.5.2 Additional Measures of Software284

5.5.3 Object-Oriented Measures of Software285

5.6 Measures of UML Artifacts,Diagrams,and Models286

5.6.1 Measuring Size and Complexity of Use Cases and Use Case Diagrams286

5.6.2 Measuring Size and Complexity of Classes287

5.6.3 Measurement of a Component287

5.6.4 Testing Metrics287

5.7 Applying Metrics and Estimates to Lucky Insuurance's Project287

5.7.1 Considering Metrics and Estimates Specific to Lucky Insurance's Project287

5.7.2 Project and Process Metrics in Enactment289

5.7.3 Measuring Process-Components for Enactment289

5.7.4 Applying Process and Project Metrics to Lucky Insurance's Project290

5.7.5 Arriving at the Productivity Factor for Lucky Insurance's Project291

5.7.6 Refining Estimates Based on the Productivity Factor for Subsequent Iterations294

5.8 Prophetic Statements on Estimates and Metrics296

5.9 Bibliographic Notes297

5.10 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)297

5.11 Exercises298

5.12 References298

PART Ⅲ：TESTING THE PRODUCT：QUALITY CONTROL301

6 Quality Control of Software Products303

6.1 Testing in Context304

6.2 Testing Approaches in UML-Based Projects306

6.2.1 Black Box307

6.2.2 White Box308

6.2.3 Manual Testing309

6.2.4 Automated Testing310

6.2.5 Vertical Testing311

6.2.6 Horizontal Testing311

6.2.7 Equivalence Partitioning312

6.2.8 Boundary Value313

6.3 Testing Architecture313

6.3.1 Unit Test314

6.3.2 Component Test315

6.3.3 System Test316

6.3.4 Acceptance Test316

6.3.5 Regression Test317

6.3.6 Operational Testing317

6.3.7 Performance(Stress and Volume)Testing318

6.3.8 Security Testing318

6.3.9 Scalability Testing318

6.4 Test Planning318

6.4.1 A Good Test Plan319

6.4.2 Analyzing Risks in Testing319

6.4.3 Test Environment321

6.4.4 Test Resources321

6.4.5 Development Environment322

6.4.6 Test Environment322

6.4.7 Test Schedules322

6.4.8 Test Cycles323

6.4.9 Reusability in Testing324

6.5 Test Design325

6.5.1 Description of Test Designs325

6.5.2 Sources for Test Designs325

6.5.3 Format for Test Designs327

6.6 Test Cases328

6.6.1 Description of Test Cases328

6.6.2 Designing the Test Cases328

6.6.3 Format for Test Cases329

6.6.4 Example Test Case330

6.6.5 Verifying the Test Cases334

6.6.6 Modifying the Test Cases334

6.7 Test Execution334

6.7.1 Getting Ready334

6.7.2 Acceptance Criteria335

6.7.3 Execute Test Suites336

6.7.4 Record Incident Reports337

6.8 Recording and Analyzing Test Results337

6.8.1 Software Incidents337

6.8.2 Recording Test Results338

6.8.3 Analyzing Results338

6.8.4 Reporting341

6.9 Bibliographic Notes341

6.10 Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)341

6.11 Exercises342

6.12 References343

Glossary of Acronyms and Important Terms345

Bibliography349

UML CASE Tools355

Process Tools Using UML365

CD-ROM Contents369

Epilogue373

Index375