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Chapter 1 China—Country Profile1

Geography and Demographics1

Contemporary Society and Culture2

Administrative System5

The Provinces6

Chapter 2 The Chinese Education System—History8

Introduction8

Educational Legacies and Values8

History and Evolution10

Ancient and Imperial Era(1100BC-1840AD)11

Modern Era(1840-1948)13

Post-revolution Era(1949-1966)16

"Cultural Revolution"Era(1967-1978)19

New Era(1978-present day)20

Chapter 3 The Contemporary Chinese Higher Education System24

Introduction24

Overall Structure of the National Eduction System26

Educational Standards26

National HEIs and Local HEIs30

Universities,Colleges,and Vocational Colleges31

The"211"and"985"Projects31

Financing and Tuition Fees32

Governance of Higher Education in China35

Administration35

Admission Policies and Procedures39

Enrollment Quotas—The Jihua41

Pathways to Enrollment42

Quality Assurance47

The Private and Independent Sectors49

Private Institutions50

Independent Colleges52

Chapter A Data and Analysis:Students and Education55

Indicator A1 Students55

Chart A1.1 Number of Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,1988-200855

Chart A1.2 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students,1949-200857

Chart A1.3 Numbers of Zhuanke and Benke Undergraduate Students,1988-200859

Chart A1.4 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students(Zhuanke vs Benke),1988-200860

Chart A1.5 Proportion of Postgraduate Students in Tertiary Education,1988-200861

Chart A1.6 Number of Adult Undergraduate Students,2002-200862

Chart A1.7 Proportion of Foreign Students in Tertiary Education,2005-200863

Chart A1.8 Origin of Foreign Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,200864

Chart A1.9 Sources of Financial Support of Foreign Students,200865

Chart A1.10 Participation Rate at All Education Levels,1990-200866

Chart A1.11 Distribution of Students across All Types of Programs,200868

Indicator A2 Institutional Diversification69

Chart A2.1 Proportion of Students Enrolled in Open Courses,2005-200869

Chart A2.2 Proportion of Putong Undergraduate Students Enrolled in Non-public Institutions,2004-200870

Chart A2.3 Student Composition of Independent and Private Institutions,200871

Indicator A3 Financing72

Chart A3.1 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education,2005-200772

Chart A3.2 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education by Type of Institution,200773

Chart A3.3 Tuition Fees Compared to Median Income,200874

Indicator A4 Faculty76

Chart A4.1 Size of Faculty,2002-200876

Chart A4.2 Proportion of Faculty with a PhD,2004-200877

Chart A4.3 Proportion of Female Faculty,2003-200878

Chart A4.4 Proportion of Female Faculty by Rank,200879

Chart A4.5 Number of Foreign Teachers,2004-200880

Indicator A5 Access81

Chart A5.1 Proportion of Female Students in Tertiary Education,1997-200881

Chart A5.2 Proportion of Female Students by Study Level,200882

Chart A5.3 Socio-economic Patterns of Students(Based on Father's Occupation),200583

Indicator A6 Regional Balance85

Chart A6.1 Number of Students in Tertiary Education by Province,200885

Chart A6.2 Growth of Annual Undergraduate Student Enrollment by Province,1998-200887

Chart A6.3 Growth of Annual Postgraduate Student Enrollment by Province,2003-200889

Chart A6.4 Public Funding per Student,at Nationally and Provincially Administered Tertiary Institutions,200791

Chart A6.5 Academic Qualifications of Faculty,200793

Chart A6.6 Putong Undergraduate Education Admissions Rates by Province,200995

Chart A6.7 Number of Foreign Tertiary Students by Province,200896

Chapter B Data and Analysis:Graduates97

Indicator B1 Attainment and Employment97

Chart B1.1 Proportion of Graduates with a STEM Degree,2001-200797

Chart B1.2 Proportion of the Working Population with a Tertiary Degree,2002-200799

Chart B1.3 Proportion of Unemployed Adults with a Tertiary Degree,2002-2008100

Indicator B2 Quality and Relevance101

Chart B2.1 Completion Rates of Undergraduate Students,2004-2008101

Chart B2.2 Completion Rates of Postgraduate Students,2003-2008102

Chart B2.3 Number of Bachelor's Graduates Pursuing Postgraduate Studies,2004-2008103

Chart B2.4 Results of International Mathematical Olympiad,1980-2009105

Indicator B3 Study Abroad107

Chart B3.1 Number of Students Leaving for and Returning from Study Abroad,1978-2007107

Indicator B4 Equality108

Chart B4.1 Gender Balance of Graduates by Subject of Study,2003108

Chart B4.2 Gender Balance of Graduates by Residential Status,2003110

Indicator B5 Regional Balance111

Chart B5.1 Number of Postgraduate Degrees Awarded by Province,2008111

Chart B5.2 Educational Attainment of the Labor Force,2007113

Chapter C Data and Analysis:Research115

Indicator C1 Research Capacity115

Chart C1.1 R＆D Expenditure Relative to GDP,1998-2007115

Chart C1.2 University R＆D Spending by Activity,2004-2008117

Chart C1.3 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2000-2008119

Indicator C2 Research Output120

Chart C2.1 Number of Publications and Citations of University Research,Five-year Rolling averages,1995-2004120

Indicator C3 Technology Transfer121

Chart C3.1 Employment Sector of Doctoral Program,2007121

Chart C3.2 Contract Dollars with Industry per R＆D Personnel in Universities,1998-2007122

Chart C3.3 Number of University Patents,2004-2008123

Indicator C4 Regional Balance124

Chart C4.1 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2007124

Chart C4.2 Number of World-ranked Institutions,2009126

Chapter D Data and Analysis:Governance128

Indicator D1 Financing Tertiary Education128

Chart D1.1 Income of Tertiary Education Institutions,1996-2007128

Chart D1.2 Tertiary Education Budget as a Percentage of the Total National Educational Budget,1998-2007130

Chart D1.3 Proportion of Public and Private Funding for Tertiary Education as a Percentage of GDP,1999-2007131

Indicator D2 Balance of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions132

Chart D2.1 Number of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions,1997-2008132

Chart D2.2 Percentage of Institutions,Faculty,students,and Awards Affiliated with the Ministry of Education,2008133

Data Sources134

Notes137

Appendix138

List of"985"Universities138

List of"211"Universities141

References147