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Volume One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3

Chapter One Panoramic View3

Section One The Country and the People3

Names and Positions3

Geographic Features5

Climate and Weather7

Factors Influencing English Weather10

Inland Water10

People11

Official and Local Languages13

Religion13

The English Language15

Section Two The British Government19

The Monarch20

Parliament24

The House of Lords and Noble Titles25

The House of Commons26

The Government and the Cabinet28

Civil Servants29

Local Governments30

Section Three Politics and Law32

Political Parties32

Elections35

Justice and the Law37

Law Courts38

Legal Profession40

Police Force41

Section Four National Economy and Cities42

Economic System and Structure43

The Public Sector44

The Private Sector45

Mining and Manufacturing Industries46

Transportation and Communications49

Foreign Trade51

Agriculture52

British Disease and Thatcher's Prescription54

Cities57

Section Five Cultural and Social Life62

Class Structure and Social Problems63

British Families65

Education Policies68

Types of Schools70

Higher Education and Universities73

Oxbridge75

Employment77

Social Welfare78

Chapter Two English History80

Section One Origin of the English Nation80

The Native Celts and Anglo-Saxon Conquest80

Roman Britain(55 BC—410 AD)81

The Anglo-Saxon Conquest(446—871)82

The Norman Conquest(1066)85

Influence of the Norman Conquest86

Section Two The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament89

Henry Ⅱ's Reforms89

King John92

The Great Charter93

Beginning of Parliament94

Section Three Decline of Feudalism in England96

The Hundred Years'War(1337—1453)96

The Black Death(1348—1349)98

Wycliffe and the Lollards99

The Peasant Uprising(1381)99

The Wars of the Roses(1455—1485)100

Section Four The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie102

The New Monarchy102

Henry Ⅶ103

Henry Ⅷ and Reform of the Church103

Elizabeth Ⅰ(1533—1603)105

Renaissance and Changes in the Way of Life107

Section Five The English Civil War(Bourgeois Revolution)110

Background of the Revolution110

James Ⅰ(1603—1625)and the Parliament111

Charles Ⅰ(1625—1653)112

The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament113

The Civil Wars114

Cromwell as Lord Protector116

Restoration(1660)117

Section Six The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist Movement119

Background of the Industrial Revolution119

Process of the Industrial Revolution(1750—1850)121

Effect of the Industrial Revolution123

Reform of the Voting System125

The Chartist Movement(1836—1848)125

Queen Victoria(1837—1901)and Polite Society127

Section Seven The Rise and Fall of the British Empire130

Foreign Expansion130

Effect of Foreign Expansion132

Britain and the First World War134

Effect of the War on Britain135

Britain and the Second World War136

Volume Two The United States of America143

Chapter One Panoramic View143

Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions143

Position and Area144

Surface Regions and Landforms145

Climate and Weather149

Land Resources151

Rivers and Lakes152

Forests154

Mineral Resources155

New Problems156

Section Two American People158

The Indians159

Immigration into America159

People and Ethnic Groups162

Melting Pot or Mosaic167

Distribution of People168

Background of the Class Structure170

Upper,Middle,and Lower Classes171

Section Three Government and Politics(Ⅰ)175

Basis of the U.S.Political Theory175

Government Principles176

Federal System178

The Federal Government179

The Legislative Branch180

Legislative Procedure182

Section Four Government and Politics(Ⅱ)186

The Executive Branch186

General Election189

The Judicial Branch193

Federal Police196

State Government197

Local Governments198

Political Parties199

Section Five National Economy(Ⅰ)203

General Introduction203

Economic System205

Types of Businesses207

Role of Government in National Economy209

Themes in Business Life211

Section Six National Economy(Ⅱ)213

Mining213

Manufacturing214

Principal Products215

Service Industry216

Agriculture219

Forestry221

Major Cities223

Section Seven Culture and Holidays229

The Basis of American Culture229

Holidays and Festivals242

American Education248

Elementary and Secondary Education249

Higher Education and Universities250

Employment and Social Welfare253

Chapter Two American History256

Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies256

Indians as Native Americans256

Columbus Discovering the New World(1492)258

Founding of Colonies258

The Early Colonies and Immigrants265

Life in the Colonies267

Section Two The War of Independence271

Relationship Between the Colonies and England271

The French and Indian War(1756—1763)273

Conflicts Leading to Armed Revolution274

The First Continental Congress277

The First Armed Clash277

The Second Continental Congress278

The Declaration of Independence280

Military Struggle and Final Victory282

Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration285

America Following Independence285

The Constitutional Convention287

Ratifying the Constitution289

The American Constitution290

Washington as the First President293

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century—an Era of Expansion297

Jefferson and His Time297

The Purchase of Louisiana(1803)299

The Second War with England(1812)299

Military Actions301

Immediate Effect of the 1812 War301

The Monroe Doctrine(1823)302

Jackson and Spoils System303

Mexican War and Its Results(1846—1848)304

Opportunities and Adventures305

Effect of Westward Movement308

Section Five The Civil War310

The Beginning of Negro Slavery310

Life of the Black Slaves311

Conflicts Arising from Slavery312

Abraham Lincoln315

Military Contest in the Civil War316

The Emancipation Proclamation and Final Victory(1862)318

Lincoln's Death and American Concept of a Hero319

Effect of the Civil War and Reconstruction321

Section Six The United States After the Civil War—Development and Foreign Aggression323

Situation After the Civil War323

Economic Development326

Appearance of Monopoly Businesses328

Effects of Economic Development and Monopoly330

Social Reforms During Industrialization332

Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain334

Aggression Against China336

Section Seven America During and After World War Ⅰ337

World War Ⅰ and America's Neutrality337

America Entering into the War(1917)338

America and the Treaty of Versailles339

America After the War and Red Scare340

Industrial Progress341

New Culture342

The Lost Generation345

Background of the Great Depression346

The Great Depression347

President Roosevelt's"New Deal"348

Section Eight America During and After World War Ⅱ351

The Outbreak of General War351

Changes in the US Policy353

The Lend-lease Bill353

America's Entry into the War354

America After the War357

Cold War and America's Containment357

McCarthy Era359

John Kennedy360

Beat Generation361

Demands for Reform and Counterculture362

Johnson and His Great Society365

Vietnam War366

Nixon and Watergate Affair367

From Carter to Clinton368

War Against Terrorism371

Supplementary Materials for Reference373

Section one An Outline Introduction to American Literature(1600—1985)373

Section Two The Ancient Mediterranean World and the Origin of European Civilization392

Section Three Appearance and Development of Christianity403

Section Four Information Material409

Britain's Papers,Radio and Television409

The U.S.Press,Radio and Television410

Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain411

Prime Ministers of Great Britain413

The 50 States of America415

Presidents of the United States416

Currency418

Bank and Public Holidays in Britain,1982418

Bibliography419