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Chapter One Basic Writing Techniques1

1.1 Diction1

1.1.1 Formal and Informal Words2

1.1.2 General and Specific Words5

1.2 Grammar7

1.2.1 Subject-Verb Agreement7

1.2.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement10

1.2.3 Pronoun Reference12

1.3 Mechanics14

1.3.1 Capitalization14

1.3.2 Punctuation16

1.3.3 Manuscript21

Chapter Two Sentence Style24

2.1 Basic Sentence Patterns24

2.1.1 Clauses25

2.1.2 Kinds of Sentences26

2.2 Sentence Unity34

2.2.1 Preservation of Sentence Unity34

2.2.2 Precautions Against No Unity35

2.3 Sentence Coherence37

2.4 Sentence Expansion41

2.5 Sentence Variety42

2.5.1 Varying Sentence Length and Emphasis43

2.5.2 Varying Sentence Beginnings45

2.5.3 Inverting the Normal Word Order47

2.5.4 Varying Simple Sentences47

2.5.5 Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences Combined49

Chapter Three Sentence Improvement52

3.1 Parallelism52

3.2 Faulty Modification56

3.2.1 Stacked Modifiers56

3.2.2 Misplaced Modifiers57

3.2.3 Dangling Modifiers58

3.3 Sentence Fragments61

3.3.1 Revising Dependent Clause Fragments62

3.3.2 Revising Phrase Fragments63

3.3.3 Revising Appositive Fragments64

3.3.4 Using Fragments Intentionally64

3.4 Choppy Sentences67

3.5 Run-ons68

3.6 Stringy Sentences72

Chapter Four Paragraph Writing76

4.1 Paragraph Structure76

4.1.1 Topic Sentence77

4.1.2 Supporting Sentences83

4.1.3 Concluding Sentence86

4.2 Paragraph Unity88

4.3 Paragraph Coherence91

4.3.1 Repetition of Key Nouns91

4.3.2 Use of Consistent Pronouns92

4.3.3 Transition Signals93

4.4 Paragraph Outlining98

4.4.1 The"Parallel Form"Rule99

4.4.2 The"Equivalent Value"Rule100

4.5 Paragraph Development101

4.5.1 Chronological Order102

4.5.2 Logical Division of Ideas/Order of Importance105

4.5.3 Comparison and Contrast107

4.5.4 Cause and Effect110

4.5.5 Exemplification114

4.5.6 Quotations116

4.5.7 Paraphrases and Summaries122

Chapter Five Essay Writing129

5.1 Characteristics of an Effective Essay129

5.2 Structure of an Essay131

5.2.1 The Introductory Paragraph132

5.2.2 The Essay Body136

5.2.3 The Concluding Paragraph138

5.2.4 Transition Signals Between Paragraphs142

5.3 The Writing Process145

5.3.1 Prewriting145

5.3.2 Planning/Outlining149

5.3.3 Writing and Revising Drafts149

5.4 Types of Essays150

5.4.1 Narration150

5.4.2 Description152

5.4.3 Exposition156

5.4.4 Argumentation158

Chapter Six Making a Research163

6.1 What Is a Research Paper163

6.1.1 Characteristics of Research Papers164

6.1.2 Kinds of Research Papers165

6.1.3 Components of a Research Paper166

6.2 Steps Involved in Writing a Research Paper170

6.3 Ways in Choosing a Topic171

6.3.1 Identifying a General Subject Area172

6.3.2 Defining the Topic172

6.3.3 Formulating a Thesis Statement176

6.4 Assembly of a Working Bibliography178

6.4.1 Gathering Sources178

6.4.2 Evaluating Sources179

6.4.3 Taking Notes181

6.5 Avoiding Plagiarism183

Chapter Seven Writing the Thesis186

7.1 Introduction and Literature Review186

7.1.1 Writing an Introduction186

7.1.2 Writing a Literature Review190

7.2 The Body of the Thesis194

7.2.1 Research Methods194

7.2.2 Results197

7.2.3 Discussion200

7.2.4 Conclusion204

7.3 Completing the Thesis206

7.3.1 Title206

7.3.2 Abstract208

7.3.3 Acknowledgement212

7.3.4 Documentation and Bibliography214

Chapter Eight Writing for Special Purposes219

8.1 Letters219

8.1.1 Personal Letters221

8.1.2 Application Letters225

8.1.3 Resume227

8.1.4 Letters of Recommendation/Reference Letters229

8.1.5 E-mails231

8.2 Speeches233

8.2.1 Welcoming Speeches234

8.2.2 Farewell Speeches235

8.2.3 Party Speeches236

8.3 Notes and Reports238

8.3.1 Notes,Notices,and Posters238

8.3.2 Diary239

8.3.3 Reports240

8.3.4 Instructions242

8.3.5 Certificates/Notary243

8.4 Writing in Examinations244

8.4.1 Writing in CET4 and CET6246

8.4.2 Writing in the Entrance Examination to Graduate Schools248

8.4.3 Writing in TOEFL249

8.4.4 Writing in IELTS251

8.4.5 Writing in GRE254

Keys to Exercises258

Bibliography292