建设合同商务与法律原理 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER 1 INTERFACE OF THE LAW WITH THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY1

The Typical Parties2

Construction Contractors and Subcontractors2

Architect/Engineers2

Construction Owners2

Service and Supply Organizations3

Labor Force3

Local,State,and Federal Governments3

General Public4

Rules for Participants4

Contracts4

Laws,Statutes,and Regulations of Governmental Agencies5

Tort Law7

Liability in the Construction Process7

Contract Liability7

Tort Liability8

Statutory Liability8

Strict Liability8

Conclusion9

Questions and Problems10

CHAPTER 2 CONTRACT FORMATION,PRIVITY OF CONTRACT,AND OTHER CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS13

What Constitutes a Contract?14

Offer14

Acceptance16

Consideration17

Contract Must Not Be Contrary to Law—Nonenforceable Contracts18

Privity of Contract and Other Contract Relationships18

Privity of Contract18

Third-Party Beneficiary Relationship19

Third-Party Beneficiary Intent20

Multiple Prime Contracts20

Conclusion22

Questions and Problems22

CHAPTER 3 THE PRIME CONTRACT-AN OVERVIEW25

The Parties to Construction-Related Prime Contracts26

Owner-Architect Contracts and Owner-Engineer Contracts26

Owner-Construction Manager Contracts26

Owner-Contractor Contracts26

The Nature of the Contractual Services Provided27

Design Only Services27

Construct Only Services27

Design-Construct Services27

Turnkey and Fast-Track Design-Construct Services28

Construction Management Services29

Commercial Terms30

Cost Plus Percentage Fee Terms31

Cost Plus Fixed FeeTerms32

Target Estimate(Cost Plus Incentive Fee)Terms32

Guaranteed Maximum Price Terms33

Fixed-Price Contracts33

Conclusion35

Questions and Problems35

CHAPTER 4 PRIME CONTRACT-FORMAT AND MAJOR COMPONENTS39

Standard Forms-of-Contract40

Federal Government Construction Contract40

American Institute of Architects Contracts41

Associated General Contractors Contracts41

Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee Contract41

State Highway Department Contracts41

Other Agency Contracts42

One-of-a-Kind Contracts42

Typical Documents Comprising the Contract42

Bidding Documents43

General Conditions of Contract45

Supplementary Conditions of Contract45

Specifications46

Drawings46

Reports of Investigations of Physical Conditions46

Conclusion47

Questions and Problems47

CHAPTER 5 OWNER-CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR PRIME CONTRACT"RED FLAG"CLAUSES51

Threshold"Red Flag"Clauses52

Dispute Resolution and Governing Law Clause53

Changes Clause54

Differing Site Conditions Clause54

Delays and Suspensions of Work54

Terminations and Partial Terminations55

Other Important " Red Flag"Clauses56

Time Provisions57

Liquidated or Actual Damages for Late Completion57

Site Availability and Access to the Site58

Payment and Retention Provisions60

Reports of Physical Site Conditions62

Exculpatory Clauses in General65

Insurance and Bond Provisions65

Indemnification Requirements65

Measurement and Payment Provisions66

Variation in Quantities Clause66

Equal Employment Opportunity and Disadvantaged/Women-Owned Business Requirements67

Escalation Provisions68

Conclusion68

Questions and Problems68

CHAPTER 6 LABOR AGREEMENTS71

The Parties72

Common Types of Labor Agreements73

Labor Agreement Threshold " Red Flag"Provisions76

Union Security Provisions76

Hiring Hall Provisions77

Grievance Procedures77

Work Stoppage/Lockout Provisions78

Subcontracting Clause78

Other"Red Flag" Provisions78

Wage/Benefits Hourly Rates79

Normal Workday and Workweek79

Overtime Definition and Pay Premium80

Shift Work and Pay Premium80

Work Rules and Manning Provisions81

Steward Provisions82

Me Too/Most Favored Nation Provisions83

Conclusion83

Questions and Problems84

CHAPTER 7 PURCHASE ORDER AND SUBCONTRACT AGREEMENTS87

Purchase Orders88

Goods or Provision of Services?88

Use of Purchase Orders for Certain Jobsite Services89

Purchase Order Quantity Limitations89

Conflicts with Seller's Sales Quotations89

Flow-Down Language from Prime Contracts90

"Red Flag"Purchase Order Provisions91

Necessary Identifying Information91

Description of the Goods Purchased91

Shipping Instructions91

Pricing and Basis of Quantity Measurement92

Payment and Retention Provisions92

Specified Delivery Schedule94

Required Delivery Point94

Sales Taxes95

Purchase Order General Conditions95

Special or Supplementary Provisions96

AGCC Forms of Purchase Order Agreements97

Subcontract Agreements97

Subcontract"Red Flag"Provisions98

Necessary Identifying Information98

Description of the Subcontract Work98

Pricing and Basis of Quantity Measurement99

Payment and Retention Provisions99

Contractor Control of Performance Time Requirements99

Damages in the Event of Late Completion100

Subcontract Changes Clause101

Insurance and Bond Requirements101

Indemnification101

48-Hour and 72-Hour Clauses102

Union Labor Only Clause102

AGCC Forms of Subcontract103

Conclusion103

Questions and Problems103

CHAPTER 8 INSURANCE CONTRACTS107

Worker's Compensation and Employer's Liability Policies108

Worker's Compensation Section109

Employer's Liability Section109

USL＆HW Act and the Jones Act109

Premium Structure110

Premium Modifiers110

Public Liability Policies111

Normal Liabilities That Are Covered112

Exclusions,Endorsements,and Deductibles113

Monetary Limits—Primary and Umbrella Policies113

Premium Structure113

Definition of Occurrence114

P＆I Polices114

Builder's Risk Policies114

Limitation on Policy Coverage115

Named Peril v. All Risk Policies115

Exclusions and Deductibles115

Temporary Structures117

Premium Structure117

Monetary Limits of Policy117

Reasons for Carrying Builder's Risk Insurance118

Equipment Floater Policies118

Method of Determining Loss118

Premium Structure119

Equipment Floater Insurance for Marine Equipment Operations119

Evaluating the Need for Equipment Floater Insurance119

Miscellaneous Policies for Special Situations119

Owner-Provided Insurance Programs120

" Red Flag"Insurance Provisions120

Named Exclusions120

Additional Named Insureds121

Deductibles121

PolicyTerm121

Subrogation122

Policy Cancellations122

Recent Trends in the Construction Insurance Industry122

Claims-Made v. Occurrence Policies122

Premium Escalation and Diminished Coverage123

Conclusion123

Questions and Problems123

CHAPTER 9 SURETY BONDS127

Relevant Parties and Surety Bond Terms128

Surety128

Principal128

Obligee128

Guarantee129

Penal Sum129

Premium129

Indemnitor129

How Do Surety Bonds Work?130

Indemnity Agreement130

Surety Bonds v. Insurance Contracts130

How Good Is the Guarantee?130

Surety's Belief in Contractor's Ability to Perform131

Bid Bonds131

Bid Bond Guarantee131

Bid Bond Penal Sum131

Performance Bonds132

Performance Bond Guarantee132

Surety's Options to Make Good the Guarantee132

Penal Sum—How Much Does the Surety Pay?133

Owner's Misconception About Performance Bonds133

Excess Early Contract Payments134

Contractor Protection of Bonding Capacity135

Labor and Material Payment Bonds135

Labor and Material Payment Bond Guarantee and Claimants135

Other First-Tier Bonds137

Work Guarantee Bonds137

Lien Discharge Bonds138

Subcontract Bonds and Material Supplier Bonds138

Conclusion138

Questions and Problems139

CHAPTER 10 JOINT-VENTURE AGREEMENTS141

Joint and Several Liability142

Conventional v. Item Joint Ventures142

Conventional Joint Ventures143

Formation and Termination Matters143

Participation Percentages144

General Management Matters145

Working Capital Matters146

Accounting Matters147

Bond and Indemnification Matters147

Insurance Matters148

Partner Bankruptcy Provisions149

Construction Equipment Acquisition and Disposal149

Item Joint Ventures150

Comparisons with Conventional Joint-Venture Agreements150

Conclusion151

Questions and Problems151

CHAPTER 11 BIDS AND PROPOSALS153

Public and Private Sector Bidding154

Public Bidding Statutes154

Federal Construction Contract Procurement Policy155

Public Owners'Actions After Bids Received156

Material Improprieties156

Factual Determination of the Low Bid156

Responsive and Responsible Bidders158

Rejection of Late Bids160

Rejection of All Bids161

Bid Irregularities/Informalities161

Major and Minor Irregularities/Informalities162

Rule for Determining Major or Minor Irregularities162

Bidder's Property Right to the Contract163

Bid Protests163

Status to File Bid Protests164

Timeliness164

Protest to Whom?164

What Can be Gained by a Bid Protest?164

Rejection of All Bids in the Public Interest165

Conclusion166

Questions and Problems167

CHAPTER 12 MISTAKES IN BIDS169

Firm Bid Rule and Doctrine of Mistake170

Generalized Rules for Withdrawal171

Timeliness in Reporting Mistakes173

Proof of the Mistake173

Duty to Verify a Low Bid173

Possible Outcomes on Mistake Verification176

Promissory Estoppel177

Concept of Promissory Estoppel178

Elements Necessary to Establish Liability178

Conclusion180

Questions and Problems180

CHAPTER 13 BREACH OF CONTRACT183

Breach of Contract and Materiality of Breach184

Breach of Contract184

Materiality of the Breach184

Written Notice of Protest186

Effect of Disclaimers or Exculpatory Clauses187

Anticipatory Breaches of Contract187

Express Obligations and Implied Warranties188

Express Obligations188

Implied Obligations(Implied Warranties)188

Frequent Breach of Contract Situations188

Failure to Make Payment for Completed Work188

Interference with Contractual Performance190

The Spearin Doctrine191

Misrepresentation192

Nondisclosure of Superior Knowledge193

Improper Termination of Contract194

Conclusion195

Questions and Problems195

CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT CHANGES199

Contract Change Procedure200

Federal Contract Changes Clause200

Specifics in Changes Clauses202

Distinctions Between Contract Change Terms202

Who Is Empowered to Make Changes?203

Who Is Empowered to Make Formal Changes to the Contract?204

How are Price and Time Adjustments Determined?205

“No Pay Without Signed Change Order”Language205

Constructive Changes206

Constructive Change Notice Requirements208

Cardinal Changes208

Price and Time Adjustments for Contract Changes210

Forward Pricing210

Retrospective Pricing210

Force Account210

Application of Force Account Provisions to Extended Performance Situations211

Use of Force Account Records in Determining Breach of Contract Damages211

Impact Costs211

Change Order Payment Disputes212

Judicial Attitude to Payment Disputes213

Orders for Payment of Disputed Changes215

Proper Contractor Reaction to Oral or Written Directives215

Conclusion216

Questions and Problems216

CHAPTER 15 DIFFERING SITE CONDITIONS219

The Federol Differing Site Conditions Clause220

Type Ⅰ Differing Site Conditions221

Type Ⅱ Differing Site Conditions221

Duty of Contractor to Give Notice222

Duty of Government to Promptly Investigate223

Equitable Adjustment Provided223

Differing Site Conditions and Government Liability223

Other Differing Site Conditions Clauses224

Does the Clause Cover Both Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ Conditions?224

Does the Contract Contain Conflicting Exculpatory Clauses?224

What are the Notice Requirements?227

What are the Owner's Responsibilities Under the Clause?227

Reasons for Denying Differing Site Condition Claims228

Lack of Notice228

Difference Not Material229

Failure to Conduct an Adequate Pre-Bid Site Inspection230

Dealing With Differing Site Conditions232

Prompt Written Notice232

Request for Owner's Instructions232

Failure to Receive Determination or Receipt of Adverse Determination232

Determination of the Equitable Adjustment233

Conclusion233

Questions and Problems234

CHAPTER 16 DELAYS,SUSPEN SIONS,AND TERMINATIONS235

Delays and Suspensions of Work236

Time Is of the Essence236

Delays v.Suspensions of Work236

Compensable v. Excusable Delay237

Contractual Provisions for Compensable Delay238

The Federal Suspension of Work Clause238

Delays and Suspensions in Other Contracts239

No-Damages-For-Delay Clauses239

Judicial Attitudes on No-Damages-For-Delay Clauses239

Contracts with No Provisions for Delays242

Delay in Early Completion Situations242

Causes for Delays and Suspensions of Work245

Defective Specifications245

Site Availability Problems245

Changes and Differing Site Conditions246

Owner'S Failure to Act Administratively246

Notice Requirements246

Purpose of the Notice Requirement246

Constructive Notice247

Terminations248

Requirement for an Enabling Clause248

Default Terminations248

Convenience Terminations249

Conclusion251

Questions and Problems251

CHAPTER 17 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES,FORCE MAJEURE,AND TIME EXTENSIONS253

Liquidated Damages254

Conceptual Basis of Liquidated Damages254

Liquidated Damages Provisions Are a Contract Remedy254

Liquidated Damages Are Not a Penalty255

Judicial Attitude Toward Liquidated Damages Provisions256

Bonus/Penalty Clauses256

Force Majeure257

Common Conditions of Force Majeure257

Contract Relief for Conditions of Force Majeure257

Time Extensions257

Importance of Notice of Claim258

Contractor Responsibility to Prove Entitlement259

Owner's Responsibility and Contractor Time-Extension Requests259

Granting of Time Extensions259

Conclusion260

Questions and Problems260

CHAPTER 18 ALLOCATING RESPONSIBILITY FOR DELAYS263

Preliminary Points and Definitions264

As-Planned,As-Built,and Schedule Update Networks264

Owner Responsibility Delays267

Contractor Responsibility Delays268

Excusable Delays269

Incorporation of Delays into the CPM Network for Delay Impact Analysis269

Forward-Looking and Retrospective Impact Analysis270

Consecutive and Concurrent Events270

Four Principles Governing Delay Impact Analysis270

Delay Impact Analysis For Single-Path Projects273

Delay Impact Analysis For Multi-path(Concurrent Path)Projects275

Delay Impact Analysis For Complex Projects With SeveralInterconnected Concurrent Paths277

Owner Liability for Delay Damages279

Has the Contractor Met the Burden of Performance?279

Contractor-Caused Delay to Project280

Contractor Liability for Liquidated Damages280

Contractor Entitlement to Extension of Time281

Summary of Delay Impact Analysis281

Determining Damages Offset281

Conclusion281

Questions and Problems282

CHAPTER 19 CONSTRUCTIVE ACCELERATION285

Voluntary and Directed Acceleration286

Acceleration and Voluntary Acceleration286

Directed Acceleration287

Constructive Acceleration287

A Constructive Acceleration Example288

Case 1—Delay with Time Extension288

Case 2—Delay with No Time Extension289

Case 3—Accelerated Performance Without Delay289

Proving Constructive Acceleration290

Entitlement to Time Extension290

Failure of Owner to Issue Extension of Time291

Proof of Extra Costs291

Completion Before Date to Which Contract Should Have Been Extended292

Effect of an Owner's Directive to Accelerate292

Contractor's Proper Contractual Procedure292

Conclusion293

Questions and Problems293

HAPTER 20 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS295

Documentation296

“Put-It-in-Writing”Rule296

What is Documentation?297

Value of Good Documentation297

Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule298

Conditions for Introduction of Job Records298

Typical Job Records299

Letters of Transmittal and Submittal300

Letters of Notice300

Letters Requesting or Disputing Instructions or Letters of Protest301

Confirmations and Meeting Minutes301

Routine Job Records301

Contractual Notices,Orders,or Directives301

Personal Diaries302

Job Document Matrix302

Conclusion302

Questions and Problems302

CHAPTER 21 DISPUTE RESOLUTION305

Courts of Law306

Lawsuits in the Federal Court System306

Lawsuits in the State Court System306

Determination of Venue307

Features of Court Trials of Lawsuits307

Hearings Before the Federal Boards of Contract Appeals308

Arbitration309

AAA Arbitration under Construction Industry Rules310

Party Arbitration System311

Single Arbitrator System311

Features of Arbitration Proceedings311

Alternative Dispute Resolution312

Mediation312

Mini-Trials312

Disputes Review Boards312

Conclusion313

Questions and Problems313

BIBLIOGRAPHY315