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Part Ⅰ．The Beginning3

1．A Sneak Preview3

"Programming Python:The Short Story”3

The Task4

Step 1:Representing Records4

Using Lists4

Using Dictionaries9

Step 2:Storing Records Persistently14

Using Formatted Files14

Using Pickle Files19

Using Per-Record Pickle Files22

Using Shelves23

Step 3:Stepping Up to OOP26

Using Classes27

Adding Behavior29

Adding Inheritance29

Refactoring Code31

Adding Persistence34

Other Database Options36

Step 4:Adding Console Interaction37

A Console Shelve Interface37

Step 5:Adding a GUI40

GUI Basics40

Using OOP for GUIs42

Getting Input from a User44

A GUI Shelve Interface46

Step 6:Adding a Web Interface52

CGI Basics52

Running a Web Server55

Using Query Strings and urllib57

Formatting Reply Text59

A Web-Based Shelve Intefface60

The End of the Demo69

Part Ⅱ．System Programming73

2．System Tools73

"The os.path to Knowledge"73

Why Python Here?73

The Next Five Chapters74

System Scripting Overview75

Python System Modules76

Module Documentation Sources77

Paging Documentation Strings78

A Custom Paging Script79

String Method Basics80

Other String Concepts in Python 3.X:Unicode and bytes82

File Operation Basics83

Using Programs in Two Ways84

Python Library Manuals85

Commercially Published References86

Introducing the sys Module86

Platforms and Versions86

The Module Search Path87

The Loaded Modules Table88

Exception Details89

Other sys Module Exports90

Introducing the os Module90

Tools in the os Module90

Administrative Tools91

Portability Constants92

Common os.path Tools92

Running Shell Commands from Scripts94

Other os Module Exports100

3．Script Execution Context103

"I'd Like to Have an Argument,Please"103

Current Working Directory104

CWD,Files,and Import Paths104

CWD and Command Lines106

Command-Line Arguments106

Parsing Command-Line Arguments107

Shell Environment Variables109

Fetching Shell Variables110

Changing Shell Variables111

Shell Variable Fine Points:Parents,putenv,and getenv112

Standard Streams113

Redirecting Streams to Files and Programs114

Redirected Streams and User Interaction119

Redirecting Streams to Python Objects123

The io.StringIO and io.BytesIO Utility Classes126

Capturing the stderr Stream127

Redirection Syntax in Print Calls127

Other Redirection Options:os.popen and subprocess Revisited128

4．Fileand Directory Tools135

"Erase Your Hard Drive in Five Easy Steps!"135

File Tools135

The File Object Modelin Python 3.X136

Using Built-in File Objects137

Binary and Text Files146

Lower-Level File Tools in the os Module155

File Scanners160

Directory Tools163

Walking One Directory164

Walking Directory Trees168

Handling Unicode Filenames in 3.X:listdir,walk,glob172

5．Parallel System Tools177

"Telling the Monkeys What to Do"177

Forking Processes179

The fork/exec Combination182

Threads186

The_thread Module189

The threading Module199

The queue Module204

Preview:GUIs and Threads208

More on the Global Interpreter Lock211

Program Exits213

sys Module Exits214

os Module Exits215

Shell Command Exit Status Codes216

Process Exit Status and Shared State219

Thread Exits and Shared State220

Interprocess Communication222

Anonymous Pipes224

Named Pipes（Fifos）234

Sockets:A First Look236

Signals240

The multiprocessing Module243

Why multiprocessing?243

The Basics:Processes and Locks245

IPC Tools:Pipes,Shared Memory,and Queues248

Starting Independent Programs254

And Much More256

Why multiprocessing?The Conclusion257

Other Ways to Start Programs258

The os.spawn Calls258

The os.startfile call on Windows261

A Portable Program-Launch Framework263

Other System Tools Coverage268

6．Complete System Programs271

"The Greps of Wrath"271

A Quick Game of"Find the Biggest Python File"272

Scanning the Standard Library Directory272

Scanning the Standard Library Tree273

Scanning the Module Search Path274

Scanning the Entire Machine276

Printing Unicode Filenames279

Splitting and Joining Files282

Splitting Files Portably283

Joining Files Portably286

Usage Variations289

Generating Redirection Web Pages292

Page Template File293

Page Generator Script294

A Regression Test Script297

Running the Test Driver299

Copying Directory Trees304

Comparing Directory Trees308

Finding Directory Differences309

Finding Tree Differences311

Running the Script314

Verifying Backups316

Reporting Differences and Other Ideas317

Searching Directory Trees319

Greps and Globs and Finds320

Rolling Your Own find Module321

Cleaning Up Bytecode Files324

A Python Tree Searcher327

Visitor:Walking Directories"++"330

Editing Files in Directory Trees（Visitor）334

Global Replacements in Directory Trees（Visitor）336

Counting Source Code Lines（Visitor）338

Recoding Copies with Classes（Visitor）339

Other Visitor Examples（External）341

Playing Media Files343

The Python webbrowser Module347

The Python mimetypes Module348

Running the Script350

Automated Program Launchers（External）351

Part Ⅲ．GUI Programming355

7．Graphical User Interfaces355

"Here's Looking at You,Kid"355

GUI Programming Topics355

Running the Examples357

Python GUI Development Options358

tkinter Overview363

tkinter Pragmatics363

tkinter Documentation364

tkinter Extensions364

tkinter Structure366

Climbing the GUI Learning Curve368

"Hello World"in Four Lines（or Less）368

tkinter Coding Basics369

Making Widgets370

Geometry Managers370

Running GUI Programs371

tkinter Coding Alternatives372

Widget Resizing Basics373

Configuring Widget Options and Window Titles375

One More for Old Times'Sake376

Packing Widgets Without Saving Them377

Adding Buttons and Callbacks379

Widget Resizing Revisited:Expansion380

Adding User-Defined Callback Handlers382

Lambda Callback Handlers383

Deferring Calls with Lambdas and Object References384

Callback Scope Issues385

Bound Method Callback Handlers391

Callable Class Object Callback Handlers392

Other tkinter Callback Protocols393

Binding Events394

Adding Multiple Widgets395

Widget Resizing Revisited:Clipping396

Attaching Widgets to Frames397

Layout:Packing Order and Side Attachments397

The Packer's Expand and Fill Revisited398

Using Anchor to Position Instead of Stretch399

Customizing Widgets with Classes400

Standardizing Behavior and Appearance401

Reusable GUI Components with Classes403

Attaching Class Components405

Extending Class Components407

Standalone Container Classes408

The End of the Tutorial410

Pvthon/tkinter for Tcl/Tk Converts412

8．A tkinter Tour,Part 1415

"Widgets and Gadgets and GUIs,Oh My!"415

This Chapter's Topics415

Configuring Widget Appearance416

Top-Level Windows419

Toplevel and Tk Widgets421

Top-Level Window Protocols422

Dialogs426

Standard（Common）Dialogs426

The Old-Style Dialog Module438

Custom Dialogs439

Binding Events443

Other bind Events447

Message and Entry448

Message448

Entry449

Laying Out Input Forms451

tkinter"Variables"and Form Layout Alternatives454

Checkbutton,Radiobutton,and Scale457

Checkbuttons457

Radio Buttons462

Scales（Sliders）467

Running GUI Code Three Ways471

Attaching Frames471

Independent Windows476

Running Programs478

Images484

Fun with Buttons and Pictures487

Viewing and Processing Images with PIL491

PIL Basics491

Displaying Other Image Types with PIL493

Creating Image Thumbnails with PIL496

9．A tkinter Tour,Part 2507

"On Today's Menu:Spam,Spam,and Spam"507

Menus507

Top-Level Window Menus508

Frame-and Menubutton-Based Menus512

Windows with Both Menus and Toolbars517

Listboxes and Scrollbars522

Programming Listboxes524

Programming Scroll Bars525

Packing Scroll Bars526

Text528

Programming the Text Widget530

Adding Text-Editing Operations533

Unicode and the Text Widget538

Advanced Text and Tag Operations548

Canvas550

Basic Canvas Operations550

Programming the Canvas Widget551

Scrolling Canvases554

Scrollable Canvases and Image Thumbnails557

Using Canvas Events560

Grids564

Why Grids?564

Grid Basics:Input Forms Revisited565

Comparing grid and pack566

Combining grid and pack568

Making Gridded Widgets Expandable570

Laying Out Larger Tables with grid574

Time Tools,Threads,and Animation582

Using Threads with tkinter GUIs584

Using the after Method585

Simple Animation Techniques588

Other Animation Topics593

The End of the Tour595

Other Widgets and Options595

10．GUI Coding Techniques597

"Building a Better Mousetrap"597

GuiMixin:Common Tool Mixin Classes598

Widget Builder Functions598

Mixin Utility Classes599

GuiMaker:Automating Menus and Toolbars603

Subclass Protocols607

GuiMaker Classes608

GuiMaker Self-Test608

BigGui:A Client Demo Program609

ShellGui:GUIs for Command-Line Tools613

A Generic Shell,Tools Display613

Application-Specific Tool Set Classes615

Adding GUI Frontends to Command Lines617

GuiStreams;Redirecting Streams to Widgets623

Using Redirection for the Packing Scripts627

Reloading Callback Handlers Dynamically628

Wrapping Up Top-Level Window Interfaces630

GUIs,Threads,and Queues635

Placing Data on Queues636

Placing Callbacks on Queues640

More Ways to Add GUIs to Non-GUI Code646

Popping Up GUI Windows on Demand647

Adding a GUI As a Separate Program:Sockets（A Second Look）649

Adding a GUI As a Separate Program:Command Pipes654

The PyDemos and PyGadgets Launchers662

PyDemos Launcher Bar（Mostly External）662

PyGadgets Launcher Bar667

11．Complete GUI Programs671

"Python,Open Source,and Camaros"671

Examples in Other Chapters672

This Chapter's Strategy673

PyEdit:A Text Editor Program/Object674

Running PyEdit675

PyEdit Changes in Version 2.0（Third Edition）682

PyEdit Changes in Version 2.1（Fourth Edition）684

PyEdit Source Code693

PyPhoto:An Image Viewer and Resizer716

Running PyPhoto717

PyPhoto Source Code719

PyView:An Image and Notes Slideshow727

Running PyView727

PvView Source Code732

PyDraw:Painting and Moving Graphics738

Running PyDraw738

PvDraw Source Code738

PyClock:An Analog/Digital Clock Widget747

A Quick Geometry Lesson747

Running PyClock751

PyClock Source Code754

PyToe:A Tic-Tac-Toe Game Widget762

Running PyToe762

PyToe Source Code（External）763

Where to Go from Here766

Part Ⅳ．Internet Programming771

12．Network Scripting771

"Tune In,Log On,and Drop Out"771

Internet Scripting Topics772

Running Examples in This Part of the Book775

Python Internet Development Options777

Plumbing the Internet780

The Socket Layer781

The Protocol Layer782

Python's Internet Library Modules785

Socket Programming787

Socket Basics788

Running Socket Programs Locally794

Running Socket Programs Remotely795

Spawning Clients in Parallel798

Talking to Reserved Ports801

Handling Multiple Clients802

Forking Servers803

Threading Servers815

Standard Library Server Classes818

Multiplexing Servers with select820

Summary:Choosing a Server Scheme826

Making Sockets Look Like Files and Streams827

A Stream Redirection Utility828

A Simple Python File Server840

Running the File Server and Clients842

Adding a User-Intefface Frontend843

13．Client-Side Scripting853

"Socket to Me!"853

FTP:Transferring Files over the Net854

Transferring Files with ffplib854

Using urllib to Download Files857

FTP get and put Utilities860

Adding a User Interfaca867

Transferring Directories with ftplib874

Downloading Site Directories874

Uploading Site Directories880

Refactoring Uploads and Downloads for Reuse884

Transferring Directory Trees with ffplib892

Uploading Local Trees893

Deleting Remote Trees895

Downloading Remote Trees899

Processing Internet Email899

Unicode in Python 3.X and Email Tools900

POP:Fetching Email901

Mail Configuration Module902

POP Mail Reader Script905

Fetching Messages906

Fetching Email at the Interactive Prompt909

SMTP:Sending Email910

SMTP Mail Sender Script911

Sending Messages913

Sending Email at the Interactive Prompt919

email:Parsing and Composing Mail Content921

Message Objects922

Basic email Package Interfaces in Action924

Unicode,Internationalization,and the Python 3.1 email Package926

A Console-Based Email Client947

Running the pymail Console Client952

The mailtools Utility Package956

Initialization File957

MailTool Class958

MailSender Class959

MailFetcher Class967

MailParser Class976

Self-Test Script983

Updating the pymail Console Client986

NNTP:Accessing Newsgroups991

HTTP:Accessing Websites994

The urllib Package Revisited997

Other urllib Interfaces999

Other Client-Side Scripting Options1002

14．The PyMailGUI Client1005

"Use the Source,Luke"1005

Source Code Modules and Size1006

Whv PyMailGUI?1008

Running PyMailGUI1010

Presentation Strategy1010

Major PyMailGUI Changes1011

New in Version 2.1 and 2.0（Third Edition）1011

New in Version 3.0（Fourth Edition）1012

A PyMailGUI Demo1019

Getting Started1020

Loading Mail1025

Threading Model1027

Load Server Interface1030

Offline Processing with Save and Open1031

Sending Email and Attachments1033

Viewing Email and Attachments1037

Email Replies and Forwards and Recipient Options1043

Deleting Email1049

POP Message Numbers and Svnchronization1051

Handling HTML Content in Email1053

Mail Content Internationalization Support1055

Alternative Configurations and Accounts1059

Multiple Windows and Status Messages1060

PyMailGUI Implementation1062

PyMailGUI:The Main Module1063

SharedNames:Program-Wide Globals1066

ListWindows:Message List Windows1067

ViewWindows:Message View Windows1085

messagecache:Message Cache Manager1095

popuputil:General-Purpose GUI Pop Ups1098

wraplines:Line Split Tools1100

html2text:Extracting Text from HTML（Prototype,Preview）1102

mailconfig:User Configurations1105

textConfig:Customizing Pop-Up PyEdit Windows1110

PyMailGUIHelp:User Help Text and Display1111

altconfigs:Configuring for Multiple Accounts1114

Ideas for Improvement1116

15．Server-Side Scripting1125

"Oh,What a Tangled Web We Weave"1125

What's a Server-Side CGI Script?1126

The Script Behind the Curtain1126

Writing CGI Scripts in Python1128

Running Server-Side Examples1130

Web Server Options1130

Running a Local Web Server1131

The Server-Side Examples Root Page1133

Viewing Server-Side Examples and Output1134

Climbing the CGI Learning Curve1135

A First Web Page1135

A First CGI Script1141

Adding Pictures and Generating Tables1146

Adding User Interaction1149

Using Tables to Lay Out Forms1157

Adding Common Input Devices1163

Changing Input Layouts1166

Passing Parameters in Hardcoded URLs1170

Passing Parameters in Hidden Form Fields1172

Saving State Information in CGI Scripts1174

URL Query Parameters1176

Hidden Form Input Fields1176

HTTP"Cookies"1177

Server-Side Databases1181

Extensions to the CGI Model1182

Combining Techniques1183

The Hello World Selector1183

Checking for Missing and Invalid Inputs1190

Refactoring Code for Maintainability1192

Step 1:Sharing Objects Between Pages—A New Input Form1193

Step 2:A Reusable Form Mock-Up Utility1196

Step 3:Putting It All Together—A New Reply Script1199

More on HTML and URL Escapes1201

URL Escape Code Conventions1202

Python HTML and URL Escape Tools1203

Escaping HTML Code1203

Escaping URLs1204

Escaping URLs Embedded in HTML Code1205

Transferring Files to Clients and Servers1209

Displaying Arbitrary Server Files on the Client1211

Uploading Client Files to the Server1218

More Than One Way to Push Bits over the Net1227

16．The PyMailCGI Server1229

"Things to Do When Visiting Chicago"1229

The PyMailCGI Website1230

Implementation Overview1230

New in This Fourth Edition（Version 3.0）1233

New in the Prior Edition（Version 2.0）1235

Presentation Overview1236

Running This Chapter's Examples1237

The Root Page1239

Configuring PyMailCGI1240

Sending Mail by SMTP1241

The Message Composition Page1242

The Send Mail Script1242

Error Pages1246

Common Look-and-Feel1246

Using the Send Mail Script Outside a Browser1247

Reading POP Email1249

The POP Password Page1250

The Mail Selection List Page1251

Passing State Information in URL Link Parameters1254

Security Protocols1257

The Message View Page1259

Passing State Information in HTML Hidden Input Fields1262

Escaping Mail Text and Passwords in HTML1264

Processing Fetched Mail1266

Reply and Forward1267

Delete1268

Deletions and POP Message Numbers1272

Utility Modules1276

External Components and Configuration1276

POP Mail Interface1277

POP Password Encryption1278

Common Utilities Module1286

Web Scripting Trade-Offs1291

PyMailCGI Versus PyMailGUI1292

The Web Versus the Desktop1293

Other Approaches1296

Part Ⅴ．Tools and Techniques1303

17．Databases and Persistence1303

"Give Me an Order of Persistence,but Hold the Pickles"1303

Persistence Options in Python1303

DBM Files1305

Using DBM Files1305

DBM Details:Files,Portability,and Close1308

Pickled Objects1309

Using Object Pickling1310

Pickling in Action1311

Pickle Details:Protocols,Binary Modes,and_pickle1314

Shelve Files1315

Using Shelves1316

Storing Built-in Object Types in Shelves1317

Storing Class Instances in Shelves1318

Changing Classes of Objects Stored in Shelves1320

Shelye Constraints1321

Pickled Class Constraints1323

Other Shelve Limitations1324

The ZODB Object-Oriented Database1325

The Mostly Missing ZODB Tutorial1326

SQL Database Interfaces1329

SOL Interface Overview1330

An SOL Database API Tutorial with SQLite1332

Building Record Dictionaries1339

Tying the Pieces Together1342

Loading Database Tables ffom Files1344

SQL Utility Scripts1347

SQL Resources1354

ORMs:Object Relational Mappers1354

PyForm:A Persistent Object Viewer（External）1356

18．Data Structures1359

"Roses Are Red,Violets Are Blue;Lists Are Mutable,and SoIs Set Foo"1359

Implementing Stacks1360

Built-in Options1360

A Stack Module1362

A Stack Class1364

Customization:Performance Monitors1366

Optimization:Tuple Tree Stacks1367

Optimization:In-Place List Modifications1369

Timing the Improvements1371

Implementing Sets1373

Built-in Options1374

Set Functions1375

Set Classes1377

Optimization:Moving Sets to Dictionaries1378

Adding Relational Algebra to Sets（External）1382

Subclassing Built-in Types1383

Binary Search Trees1385

Built-in Options1385

Implementing Binary Trees1386

Trees with Both Keys and Values1388

Graph Searching1390

Implementing Graph Search1390

Moving Graphs to Classes1393

Permuting Sequences1395

Reversing and Sorting Sequences1397

Implementing Reversals1398

Implementing Sorts1399

Data Structures Versus Built-ins:The Conclusion1400

PyTree:A Generic Tree Object Viewer1402

19．Text and Language1405

“See Jack Hack.Hack,Jack,Hack”1405

Strategies for Processing Text in Python1405

String Method Utilities1406

Templating with Replacements and Formats1408

Parsing with Splits and Joins1409

Summing Columns in a File1410

Parsing and Unparsing Rule Strings1412

Regular Expression Pattern Matching1415

The re Module1416

First Examples1416

String Operations Versus Patterns1418

Using the re Module1421

More Pattern Examples1425

Scanning C Header Files for Patterns1427

XML and HTML Parsing1429

XML Parsing in Action1430

HTML Parsing in Action1435

Advanced Language Tools1438

Custom Language Parsers1440

The Expression Grammar1440

The Parser's Code1441

Adding a Parse Tree Interpreter1449

Parse Tree Structure1454

Exploring Parse Trees with the PyTree GUI1456

Parsers Versus Python1457

PyCalc:A Calculator Program/Object1457

A Simple Calculator GUI1458

PvCalc-A"Real"Calculator GUI1463

20．Python/C Integration1483

"I Am Lost at C"1483

Extending and Embedding1484

Extending Python in C:Overview1486

A Simple C Extension Module1487

The SWIG Integration Code Generator1491

A Simple SWIG Example1491

Wrapping C Environment Calls1495

Adding Wrapper Classes to Flat Libraries1499

Wrapping C Environment Calls with SWIG1500

Wrapping C++ Classes with SWIG1502

A Simple C++ Extension Class1503

Wrapping the C++ Class with SWIG1505

Using the C++ Class in Python1507

Other Extending Tools1511

Embedding Python in C:Overview1514

The C Embedding API1515

What Is Embedded Code?1516

Basic Embedding Techniques1518

Running Simple Code Strings1519

Running Code Strings with Results and Namespaces1522

Calling Python Objects1524

Running Strings in Dictionaries1526

Precompiling Strings to Bytecode1528

Registering Callback Handler Objects1530

Registration Implementation1531

Using Python Classes in C1535

Other Integration Topics1538

Part Ⅵ．The End1543

21．Conclusion:Python and the Development Cycle1543

"That's the End of the Book,Now Here's the Meaning of Life"1544

"Something's Wrong with the Way We Program Computers"1544

The"Gilligan Factor"1544

Doing the Right Thing1545

The Static Language Build Cycle1546

Artificial Complexities1546

One Language Does Not Fit All1546

Enter Python1547

But What About That Bottleneck?1548

Python Provides Immediate Turnaround1549

Python Is"Executable Pseudocode"1550

Python Is OOP Done Right1550

Python Fosters Hybrid Applications1551

On Sinking the Titanic1552

So What's"Python:The Sequel"?1555

In the Final Analysis...1555

Index1557