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Introduction: bridge over troubled waters?&CARSTEN STAHN1

1 Introduction1

2 Objectives and institutional dimensions4

3 Origin and historical heritage of complementarity5

4 Theorization and analytical dimensions of complementarity6

5 Interpretation and application of the Rome Statute8

6 Complementarity in perspective12

7 Complementarity in practice13

8 Not a conclusion15

PART I General reflections19

1 A positive approach to complementarity: the impact of the Office of the Prosecutor&LUIS MORENO-OCAMPO21

1 The Rome Statute as the foundation of a global criminal justice system21

2 The meaning of complementarity23

3 Policy and practice of the Office of the Prosecutor24

4 Maximizing impact29

5 Conclusion32

2 Justice and prevention&JUAN E. MENDEZ33

1 Introduction33

2 Prevention in international law34

3 Conditions for justice to have a preventive effect35

4 Prevention in recent international practice38

5 Practice of the ICC40

6 Prevention and complementarity46

7 Conclusion50

3 Proactive complementarity: a Registrar's perspective and plans&SILVANA ARBIA AND GIOVANNI BASSY52

1 Introduction52

2 The legal framework53

3 Proactive versus passive complementarity54

4 Opportunities for the Registry57

5 Conclusion66

PART II Origin and genesis of complementarity69

4 The genesis of complementarity&MOHAMED M. EL ZEIDY71

1 Introduction72

2 World War I peace treaties78

3 Post-World War I complementarity models90

4 Conclusion137

5 Reflections on complementarity at the Rome Conference and beyond&MAURO POLITI142

1 Introduction142

2 Complementarity at the Rome Conference143

3 Complementarity beyond the Rome Conference146

6 The rise and fall of complementarity&WILLIAM A. SCHABAS150

1 Introduction150

2 Positive complementarity'155

3 Inactivity: the unwritten criterion for complementarity158

4 Inactivity and inappropriate selection of cases161

5 Concluding remarks163

PART III Analytical dimensions of complementarity165

7 Complementarity as global governance&CHRISTOPH BURCHARD167

1 Introduction168

2 Problems and solutions to why regulatory policies fail to meet their goals171

3 Actor openness186

4 Characteristics, quality and structure of the milieu of complementarity189

5 Outlook195

8 Policy through complementarity: the atrocity trial as justice&MARK A. DRUMBL197

1 Introduction198

2 The treaty framework: text and effect200

3 Complementarity and state behavior211

4 Towards qualified deference222

5 Conclusion231

9 Taking complementarity seriously&CARSTEN STAHN233

1 Introduction233

2 The normative embedding of complementarity236

3 Classical complementarity and its variations251

4 'Positive' complementarity260

5 Constraints273

6 Conclusions281

10 International criminal justice in the era of failed states: the ICC and the self-referral debate&PAYAM AKHAVAN283

1 Introduction284

2 The self-referral revolution in global justice286

3 Necessity of the self-referral mechanism292

4 Scenarios where self-referral is vital299

5 Conclusion: cooperative global justice in a world of extremes302

11 The quest for constructive complementarity&MICHAEL A. NEWTON304

1 Introduction305

2 Early precedents eroding the law of command responsibility309

3 Is the Court corroding complementarity?313

4 Is the Prosecutor warping the gravity threshold?329

5 Recommendations for revitalizing a constructive complementarity333

6 Conclusion339

12 Reframing positive complementarity&WILLIAM W. BURKE-WHITE341

1 Introduction341

2 Positive complementarity in the first eight years: theory, policy and practice343

3 Reframing positive complementarity: the US federal criminal justice system as a possible model353

13 Too much of a good thing?: implementation and the uses of complementarity&FREDERIC MEGRET361

1 Introduction361

2 Scope of implementation364

3 Implementation as a Trojan horse?367

4 The reality of complementarity376

5 Some illustrations380

6 Conclusion386

PART IV Interpretation and application391

14 The application of the principle of complementarity to the decision of where to open an investigation: the admissibility of 'situations'&HECTOR OLASOLO AND ENRIQUE CARNERO-ROJO393

1 Introduction394

2 Distinction between situations and cases396

3 The notion of admissibility of situations402

4 Assessing the admissibility of situations412

5 Conclusion419

15 Situation and case: defining the parameters&ROD RASTAN421

1 Introduction421

2 What is a situation?422

3 What is a case?437

4 Investigation and prosecution445

5 Between situation and case454

6 Impact of prosecutorial policy458

16 The inaction controversy: neglected words and new opportunities&DARRYL ROBINSON460

1 Introduction461

2 Textual demonstration: Article 17 expressly requires national proceedings463

3 Enduring grip of the slogan version475

4 Factors contributing to the interpretive disconnect?489

5 Implications498

17 The admissibility procedures&JO STIGEN503

1 Introduction504

2 Admissibility at the different stages of the ICC proceedings504

3 Admissibility and the Prosecutor's preliminary examination506

4 Preliminary rulings regarding admissibility511

5 Challenges to the admissibility of a case532

18 The evolution of the ICC jurisprudence on admissibility&BEN BATROS558

1 Introduction558

2 A brief history of admissibility proceedings before the ICC560

3 Test for admissibility determinations under the Rome Statute569

4 Basis for an admissibility determination578

5 How and when admissibility determinations can be made583

6 Purpose and focus of complementarity589

7 Conclusion: complementarity in context596

19 Interpretative gravity under the Rome Statute&IGNAZ STEGMILLER603

1 Introduction604

2 Interpreting the ICC's notion of gravity606

3 Common criteria for the (legal) gravity threshold621

4 Conclusion637

20 Complementarity and burden allocation&MEGAN A. FAIRLIE AND JOSEPH POWDERLY642

1 Introduction643

2 Necessity of determining proof allocation645

3 Potentially applicable burdens and standards of proof648

4 Application of complementarity in the context of Security Council referrals: Darfur661

5 Challenges to admissibility under Article 19667

6 Conclusion681