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CHAPTER 1: General Introduction1

Notes to Chapter 13

PART Ⅰ Historical Development5

CHAPTER 2: The Lex Fori5

1. Introduction5

2. The Lex Fori in Nineteenth Century Writings5

(a) Wachter5

(b) Savigny7

3. The Lex Fori in Early English Practice8

4. The Lex Fori in the Early Practice in the United States of America11

5. The Lex Fori in the Early Practice of Continental Europe14

6. Conclusion16

Notes to Chapter 216

CHAPTER 3: The Lex Loci Delicti23

1. Introduction23

2. The Lex Loci Delicti in Early Legal Writing23

3. The Lex Loci Delicti in Early English Practice25

4. The Lex Loci Delicti in the Early Practice of the United States of America30

5. The Lex Loci Delicti in the Early Practice of Continental Europe34

6. Conclusion36

Notes to Chapter 336

PART Ⅱ The Operation of the Traditional Rules for Choice of Law in Tort45

CHAPTER 4: The Traditional English Rule45

1. Introduction45

2. The Nature of the Rule in Phillips v. Eyre45

(a) The First Limb of the Rule in Phillips v. Eyre is a Rule of Jurisdiction46

(b) Both Limbs of the Rule in Phillips v. Eyre Relate to Jurisdiction48

3. The First Limb of the Rule in Phillips v. Eyre50

4. The Second Limb of the Rule in Phillips v. Eyre55

(a) Before Chaplin v. Boys55

(b) After Chaplin v. Boys62

5. Policy and the Traditional English Rule68

Notes to Chapter 471

CHAPTER 5: The Lex Loci Delicti80

1. Introduction80

2. Theoretical Foundations80

3. General Survey of the Operation of the Lex Loci Rule85

4. Direct Limitations on the Operation of the Traditional Rule88

(a) Common'Personal Law'of Parties88

(b) Reservation of Lex Fori in Favour of One Party92

(c) Jurisdictional Limitations93

(d) Proof of Foreign Law95

(e) Public Policy96

(f) Civil Plaintiff in Criminal Proceedings100

5. Policy and the Traditional Place of Wrong Rule100

Notes to Chapter 5104

CHAPTER 6: The Place of a Tort111

1. Introduction111

2. The Place of Acting113

(a) Policy Considerations113

(b) Writing and Practice114

3. The 'Last Event' Doctrine and the Place of Harm118

(a) Policy Considerations118

(b) Writing and Practice120

4. An Elective Solution124

(a) Policy Considerations124

(b) Writing and Practice125

5. The Place of the 'Substance of the Wrongdoing'127

6. Conclusion132

Notes to Chapter 6133

CHAPTER 7: The Scope of the Traditional Rules I: Liability and Parties138

1. Introduction138

2. Existence and Basis of Liability138

3. The Proper Plaintiff141

(a) General Remarks142

(b) Fatal Accidents (Wrongful Death)143

(c) Survival of the Deceased Victim's Right of Action against the Tortfeasor144

(d) Assignment of Victim's Claim against Tortfeasor147

(e) Subrogation of Insurer to Rights of Insured148

4. The Proper Defendant148

(a) General Remarks148

(b) Vicarious Liability150

(Ⅰ) General Remarks150

(Ⅱ) Family Relationships150

(Ⅲ) Business Relationships152

(c) Capacity and Immunities154

(Ⅰ) Capacity in General154

(Ⅱ) Intra-Family Immunities155

(Ⅲ) Charitable Immunities159

(Ⅳ) Immunity of Host from Suit by Guest159

(d) Survival of Plaintiff's Claim against Deceased Tortfeasor161

(e) Direct Action against Insurer of Tortfeasor163

Notes to Chapter 7166

CHAPTER 8: The Scope of the Traditional Rules Ⅱ: Burden of Proof; Defences; Remedies; Joint Torts174

1. The Burden of Proof and Presumptions174

(a) Burden of Proof174

(b) Presumptions178

2. Defences179

(a) General Remarks179

(b) Contributory Negligence180

(c) Limitation of Actions184

(d) Contractual Defences to Tortious Claims187

3. Remedies195

(a) General Remarks195

(b) Damages196

(Ⅰ) Remoteness of Damage and Heads of Damage197

(Ⅱ) The Duty to Mitigate Damage200

(Ⅲ) Financial Limitations on the Amount of Damages Recoverable200

(Ⅳ) The Form of an Award of Damages202

(Ⅴ) The Quantification of Damages204

(Ⅵ) The Currency of an Award206

4. Joint Torts208

(a) Joint Liability208

(b) Contribution and Indemnity209

(c) Releases210

Notes to Chapter 8210

PART Ⅲ New Developments219

CHAPTER 9: American Developments in Choice of Law in Tort219

1. Introduction219

2. The Transition from an Orthodox Approach to Choice of Law in Torts219

(a) Patterns in the Case Law219

(b) Patterns in Legal Writing222

3. The Transition Accomplished: Babcock v. Jackson229

4. 'True' and 'False' Conflicts235

5. Governmental Interest Analysis: Some Illustrative Examples241

(a) The Parties' Common Residence or Domicile or Both241

(b) The Plaintiff's Residence or Domicile or Both244

(c) The Defendant's Residence or Domicile or Both248

(d) The Lex Loci Delicti251

(e) The Forum253

6. Cavers' Principles of Preference255

7. The Second Restatement259

8. Leflar's Choice-Influencing Considerations263

9. Conclusion267

Notes to Chapter 9268

CHAPTER10: Developments in Anglo-Commonwealth and Continental Law278

1. Introduction278

2. Genesis in England - Chaplin v. Boys278

(a) Background278

(b) Chaplin v. Boys281

(c) The Views of Lords Hodson and Wilberforce283

3. The Scope of the New Approach285

(a) The Situation where the Parties have a Common Place of Residence286

(b) The Situation where the Plaintiff is Resident in the Forum State and the Defendant is Resident in the Locus Delicti287

(c) The Situation where the Defendant is Resident in the Forum State and the Plaintiff is Resident in the Locus Delicti288

(d) The Situation where the Plaintiff and the Defendant do not Possess a Common Residence and Neither Party is Resident in the Forum State or the Locus Delicti289

(e) The Range of Connecting Factors Justifying Invocation of the Exception289

(f) The Relevance of the Issue in the Case291

(g) Torts Committed in England 294 (h) A Critique and a Proposal295

4. Judicial Reception of Chaplin v. Boys in Australia and Canada299

5. Some Continental Developments in the Choice of Tort Law305

(a) General Remarks305

(b) Specific Legislative Provisions307

(Ⅰ) The Basic Rule307

(Ⅱ) Exceptions to the Basic Rule309

6. Conclusion310

Notes to Chapter 10311

PART Ⅳ The Unification of the Private International Law of Tort321

CHAPTER11: The Unification of the Private International Law of Tort321

1. Introduction321

2. Possible Approaches to Unification of the Private International Law of Tort324

3. An Approach Analogous to the Restatement, Second325

4. A Basic Rule and a Proper Law Exception: The Approach of the E.E.C. Draft Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual and Non-Contractual Obligations326

(a) General Scope of Tortious Provisions327

(b) The Basic Rule329

(c) The Exception330

(Ⅰ) When is the Exception to be Invoked?330

(Ⅱ) The Nature of the Exceptional Rule331

(d) The Scope of the Applicable Law: Article 11333

(e) Conclusion335

5. Another Variant on the Lex Loci Delicti with Exceptions: The Resolution of the Institute of International Law, 1969336

6. The Approach of the Hague Conference on Private International Law338

(a) The Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents339

(Ⅰ) The Applicable Law339

(Ⅱ) The Scope of the Convention340

(Ⅲ) Conclusion341

(b) The Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability341

(Ⅰ) The Applicable Law341

(Ⅱ) Scope of the Convention342

(Ⅲ) Conclusion343

7. A Mixed Solution343

8. Conclusion345

Notes to Chapter 11346

APPENDIX A: The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents 1968353

APPENDIX B: The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability 1972357

Bibliography361

Table of Cases373

Table of Legislation, Conventions and Quasi-Legislative Documents388

Subject Index396