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Introduction：What Are Geological Field Trips?1

0.1 The Significance of Geological Field Trips1

0.1.1 Geological Field Trips—an Effective Way of Popularizing Geological Knowledge1

0.1.2 Geological Field Trips—a Beneficial Guide to Scientific Tourism2

0.1.3 Geological Field Trips—Practical Activities for Temperament Edification,Environmental Preservation and the Earth Care3

0.2 The Current Status and Trends of the Research3

0.2.1 The Current Status of the Course Construction of“Geological Field Trips”3

0.2.2 The Current Situation of the Research of Bilingual Teaching3

0.2.3 Developing Trend4

0.3 Course Contents5

内容导读5

Section 1 Primary Geology8

内容导读9

名词·术语9

Chapter 1 Geological Field Trips in Sedimentary Rock Areas11

1.1 The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks11

1.1.1 Exogenic Process11

1.1.2 The Types of Exogenic Process11

1.2 The Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks13

1.2.1 The Characteristics of Clastic Rocks14

1.2.2 The Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks20

1.3 The Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks22

1.4 Sedimentary Rocks and Mineral Products23

1.4.1 Sedimentary Rocks and the Production of Precious Stones24

1.4.2 Sedimentary Rocks and Petroleum26

1.5 Sedimentary Rocks and Natural Scenery26

内容导读27

名词·术语28

Chapter 2 Geological Field Trips in Magmatic Rock Areas30

2.1 The Formation of Magmatic Rocks30

2.2 Magmatism31

2.2.1 Eruption（Volcanism）and Extrusive Rocks32

2.2.2 Intrusion36

2.3 The Characteristics of Magmatic Rocks37

2.3.1 The Mineral Components of Magmatic Rocks37

2.3.2 The Textures of Magmatic Rocks37

2.3.3 The Structures of Magmatic Rocks38

2.4 The Main Types of Magmatic Rocks39

2.5 Anecdotes of Magmatic Rocks40

2.5.1 The Oldest Rock in the World40

2.5.2 Wudalianchi and Volcanoes40

2.5.3 Magmatic Rocks and the Production of Precious Stones41

内容导读44

名词·术语45

Chapter 3 Geological Field Trips in Metamorphic Rock Areas46

3.1 Metamorphism46

3.1.1 The Ways of Metamorphism46

3.1.2 The Types of Metamorphism48

3.2 The Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks49

3.2.1 The Mineral Component Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks49

3.2.2 The Texture Features of Metamorphic Rocks49

3.2.3 The Structure Features of Metamorphic Rocks50

3.3 The Types of Metamorphic Rocks50

3.3.1 Regional Metamorphic Rocks50

3.3.2 Contact Metamorphic Rocks51

3.3.3 Dynamic Metamorphic Rocks51

3.3.4 Migmatite Rocks52

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks and Precious Stones53

3.4.1 Jade53

3.4.2 Ruby57

3.4.3 Sapphire58

3.4.4 Xi Inkstone—One of the Four Famous Inkstones58

3.5 Metamorphic Rocks and Natural Landscapes59

内容导读60

名词·术语61

Chapter 4 Geological Time and Stratigraphic Contact Relationship62

4.1 Geological Time62

4.1.1 Relative Geological Ages and Their Determination62

4.1.2 Absolute Geological Ages66

4.1.3 Stratigraphic Units66

4.2 Stratigraphic Contact Relationships68

4.2.1 Conformity68

4.2.2 Unconformity68

4.3 The Occurrences of Strata and Their Formation Ages70

4.3.1 The Occurrences of Strata71

4.3.2 The Formation Ages of Occurrences71

内容导读72

名词·术语74

Chapter 5 Crust Movements and Geological Structures75

5.1 What Are Crust Movements？75

5.1.1 Horizontal Movements76

5.1.2 Vertical Movements78

5.2 Geological Structures79

5.2.1 Horizontal Structure80

5.2.2 Inclined Structure80

5.2.3 Fold Structure80

5.2.4 Fault Structure81

5.3 Tectonic Movements and Geological Landscapes84

5.3.1 The Rise of Plateaus and the Formation of Mountains84

5.3.2 The Fault Scarps—the Formation of Canyons86

5.3.3 The Sutures and Continental Rifts87

5.3.4 Structural Windows and Klippes Formed by Thrust Faults89

内容导读90

名词·术语92

Section 2 Geological Landscapes93

Chapter 6 An Overview of the Mountain Scenery93

6.1 The Origin of Mountain Landscapes93

6.1.1 The Origin of the Concept of Orogeny93

6.1.2 Four Orogenies in History95

6.1.3 The Features of Mountain Landscapes96

6.2 Compositional Features of Rocks of China's Famous Scenic Spots and Their Geological Origin96

6.2.1 Famous Scenic Mountains of Different Rock Types and the Origin97

6.2.2 Other Geological Origins of Famous Mountains and Their Scenic Spots100

6.3 The Types of Famous Mountains in China102

6.3.1 The Five Sacred Mountains102

6.3.2 The Four Famous Buddhist Mountains109

6.3.3 The Main Taoist Mountains112

6.3.4 Other Famous Mountains113

6.4 The Important and Word-Famous Mountains117

6.4.1 The Olympus117

6.4.2 The Alps119

6.4.3 Mount Kilimanjaro120

内容导读122

名词·术语124

Chapter 7 Water Scenery126

7.1 The Beauty of Rivers126

7.1.1 The Geologic Process of Rivers126

7.1.2 The Formation of Rivers128

7.1.3 Famous Rivers129

7.2 Waterfalls138

7.2.1 The Tourist Value of Waterfalls138

7.2.2 The Formation and Types of Waterfalls139

7.2.3 The Display of Famous Waterfalls140

7.3 Lakes145

7.3.1 Classification of Lakes145

7.3.2 The Origin,Discharge and Chemical Composition of Lake Water148

7.3.3 The Tourist Value of Lakes149

7.3.4 The Bests of Lakes150

7.3.5 The Appreciation of Lakes150

7.4 Glaciers156

7.4.1 The Forming Conditions of Glaciers156

7.4.2 The Types of Glaciers157

7.4.3 Glacier Vestige and the Ice Age158

7.4.4 Glacial Landforms—Ancient Glacial Traces159

7.4.5 Miniature of Modern Glaciers161

7.5 Magnificent Oceans166

7.5.1 The Formation and Development of Seacoasts167

7.5.2 The Types of Seacoasts169

7.5.3 Beautiful Beachscapes171

7.5.4 Sea Tides172

7.6 Springs173

7.6.1 The Types of Springs174

7.6.2 Appreciation of Famous Springs176

内容导读178

名词·术语182

Chapter 8 Karst Landscapes184

8.1 The Origins and Distribution of Karst Landscapes184

8.1.1 A Brief Overview184

8.1.2 The Formation of Karst Landforms184

8.1.3 The Types of Karst Landforms186

8.2 Typical Karst Landscapes190

8.2.1 Guilin Scenery190

8.2.2 Yunnan Stone Forest191

8.2.3 Halong Bay193

内容导读195

名词·术语197

Chapter 9 Aeolian Landforms198

9.1 The Features and Types of Aeolian Landforms198

9.1.1 The Formation and Features of Aeolian Landforms198

9.1.2 The Main Viewing Patterns and Types of Aeolian Landforms200

9.2 Well-known Sand Landscapes Home and Abroad204

9.2.1 Qaidam Basin204

9.2.2 Urho Ghost City206

9.2.3 The Singing Sand Hill and the Crescent Spring208

9.2.4 The Sahara Desert210

9.2.5 The Arizona Desert212

内容导读213

名词·术语215

Section 3 Geoparks216

Chapter 10 A Brief Introduction to Geoparks216

10.1 The Basic Concept of Geoparks216

10.1.1 Geological Heritages216

10.1.2 Geoparks218

10.1.3 The Great Significance of Geoparks218

10.1.4 The Characteristics of Geoparks219

10.2 The Distribution of Geoparks221

10.2.1 The Distribution of Global Geoparks221

10.2.2 The Distribution of National Geoparks in China224

10.3 Examples of Famous Geoparks231

10.3.1 Yellowstone National Geopark231

10.3.2 Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark235

10.3.3 Chaoyang Bird Fossils National Geopark236

内容导读238

名词·术语254

参考文献（References）255